Singapore’s healthcare and manufacturing ecosystems have grown rapidly over the last decade. As the nation deepens its footprint as a global biomedical hub under the Research, Innovation and Enterprise (RIE2025) and upcoming RIE2030 plans, many prospective students are asking: Are biomedical science courses in Singapore worth the investment of time and tuition fees?

Deciding on a tertiary path requires balancing your scientific passion with real-world industry realities. This comprehensive guide breaks down the value, academic pathways, career prospects, and common pitfalls of pursuing a life sciences education in Singapore.

Quick Takeaways: Is It Worth It?

If you want the short answer: yes, but with careful planning. A biomedical science degree or diploma offers immense value if you intend to work in clinical research, medical laboratories, or pharmaceutical manufacturing. However, it is not a direct, automatic golden ticket to becoming a medical doctor, nor is it a pure corporate business desk job.

Core Considerations

• High Industry Demand: Singapore houses world-class manufacturing pharmaceutical plants from global giants like Pfizer, Novartis, and Amgen.
• Specialisation Matters: General degrees face stiffer competition; specialising in high-growth niches like clinical genetics or molecular diagnostics commands a premium.
• Practical Experience is King: Employers look heavily at your technical competencies and time spent inside active laboratories using modern diagnostics equipment.

Navigating the Biomedical Academic Pathway

Entering the biomedical sector requires choosing the right academic tier based on your current qualifications and career goals. The journey usually takes one of three shapes:

[International Foundation Diploma] ➔ [Diploma in Biomedical Science] ➔ [BSc (Hons) Biomedical / Health Sciences]

The Progression Breakdown

1. Diploma Level: A diploma in biomedical science programme provides a fundamental baseline. It introduces you to foundational modules like cell biology, basic microbiology, and chemistry. It is ideal for O-Level or IGCSE graduates seeking immediate technical roles or a stepping stone to higher education.
2. Undergraduate Level: Earning a full biomedical science degree opens advanced pathways. Key focus areas expand into molecular biology, clinical biochemistry, and immunology. These programmes prepare you for clinical trials, research roles, and laboratory management.
3. Alternative Pathways: For those focused on wider public health systems, clinical administration, or community healthcare delivery, a health science degree offers a compelling alternative to strict laboratory research.

Comparing the Landscape: Pros and Cons

To evaluate if these life science courses in Singapore match your expectations, consider this objective performance breakdown:

Answering Key Student Dilemmas

Which part-time Biomedical Science courses are available for adults?

For working professionals holding an engineering or science-related diploma, upgrading your qualifications while remaining employed is highly achievable. A part-time biomedical science degree runs for 24 to 36 months with evening or weekend classes, mirroring the exact academic rigour and syllabus of full-time tracks but grants the flexibility needed to maintain career momentum and steady income.

Can I become a doctor with a Biomedical Science degree in SG?

This is a common point of confusion. Completing a biomedical science course in Singapore�� and getting a degree does not automatically license you to practise as a medical doctor or physician.

To practise medicine in Singapore, you must possess a medical degree recognised by the Singapore Medical Council (SMC). However, an undergraduate biomedical science degree functions as an excellent preparatory foundation if you plan to apply for post-graduate medical routes that accept degree holders from diverse scientific backgrounds.

What are the career prospects for Masters in Biomedical Science?

A postgraduate Master’s degree shifts your professional scope away from routine testing and pushes you toward strategic leadership. Common high-tier career pathways include:

• Principal Investigator / Senior Scientist: Leading independent disease or vaccine research projects within public research institutes or private biotechnology firms.
• Clinical Trial Manager: Overseeing complex multi-centre regulatory trials for pharmaceutical companies.
• Bioinformatics Specialist: Utilising computational data models to track clinical genetics and infectious diseases.

Three Common Mistakes Students Make

• Mistake 1: Relying Purely on Theory. Memorising textbooks won’t impress a laboratory hiring manager. Ensure your chosen institution features extensive hands-on training using modern diagnostic equipment.
• Mistake 2: Missing the Honours Component. In scientific research, a standard Bachelor’s degree without an Honours classification can restrict your entry into top-tier research institutes or higher postgraduate tracks.
• Mistake 3: Overlooking the Partner University. For private education pathways, ensure the degree-awarding university is globally recognised and carries a well-regarded reputation in the sciences.

Where Does 51���� Fit Into Your Journey?

If you are exploring your tertiary options, the Management Development Institute of Singapore (51����) provides robust, career-ready pathways through its life sciences curricula. Developed in partnership with well-regarded global institutions like Teesside University, UK, 51���� offers a spectrum of full-time and part-time biomedical science courses designed to minimise friction for students and working adults alike.

Academic Framework & Advantages

• Honours-Focused Curriculums: Programmes like the Bachelor of Science (Hons) Biomedical Sciences and Bachelor of Science (Hons) Health Sciences equip students with the advanced coursework and critical research skills preferred by top employers.
• Dedicated On-Campus Labs: Students do not just learn from slides; they complete practical modules within laboratory facilities located right on the 51���� campus, gaining hands-on exposure to advanced molecular testing tools.
• Flexible Entry Points: Whether you hold O-Levels and need to start at the International Foundation Diploma in Biomedical Sciences level, or carry a polytechnic diploma and qualify for direct entry, the academic tracks accommodate varied backgrounds.

Discover Your Future in Life Sciences

Navigating your educational route in the sciences doesn’t have to be overwhelming. If you want to dive deeper into module details, intake dates, or scholarship options for our biomedical and health tracks, our programme consultants are ready to assist.

Contact us today and enquire about our Life Sciences courses to take your next definitive step toward a rewarding scientific career.

Life sciences involve the study of living organisms, including their functions, structures, behavioural patterns, and interactions. Among its sub-disciplines are biology, biochemistry, biotechnology, genetics, ecology, and physiology.

The study of life sciences; enables students to gain a deep-in understanding of how life works and to investigate a wide range of natural phenomena, from microscopic organisms to complex ecosystems. Being one of the most innovative sectors of the new economy, it offers exciting opportunities, especially for the Gen Z and beyond.

In addition, Singapore serves as a ; a large pool of skilled talent for knowledge exchange, competitive manufacturing capabilities and a thriving R&D ecosystem with strong links to global pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms carrying ground-breaking portfolios and offering great career opportunities. For one, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), a leading pharmaceutical firm which has an industrial set-up in Singapore designed to serve patients from around the globe, and connect it with the growing Asian market.

Let’s take a closer look at life sciences R&D, and key contributions one could be making to the sector in a bid to resolve seemingly insurmountable challenges.

Research and Development in Life Sciences

Research and development (R&D) spearheads our understanding of living organisms, ways to enhance human health, and address global challenges. It comprises a wide range of activities aimed at discovering new knowledge, developing innovative technologies, and creating practical applications to benefit our society.

In life sciences R&D, researchers and scientists engage in systematic investigations to explore biological systems, study cellular processes, and unravel the complexities of living organisms. They conduct experiments, analyse data, and collaborate with multidisciplinary teams to generate new insights and expand the frontiers of scientific knowledge.

World-leading biomedical sciences companies like GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, BioNTech, Johnson & Johnson and Roche have a range of commercial activities, including R&D, Supply Chain Management, Regulatory Affairs and Medical Affairs based in Singapore.

A key area for R&D in the life science industry is biotechnology. Take the example of vaccines. Many biotech firms are manufacturing Covid-19 mRNA vaccines and boosters to prevent the populace from getting infected, and there are plans to develop and manufacture new therapeutics and cancer vaccines for clinical trials and commercial scale-up capability.

Top 4 Essential Skills in Life Sciences

Jobs in the life sciences sector are in high demand. So, how can one prepare himself to be fit for the trade? What are the competitive and relevant baseline skillsets required to be developed?

Problem-solving

To succeed in the life sciences industry, he/she should be able to analyse complex biology challenges and implement effective solutions. A key strength is to possess a unique blend of analytical and creative thinking, which would be helpful when it comes to making informed decisions, selecting key variables and articulating the critical steps derived from varied perspectives and solutions.

Data analyses

Thanks to digital transformation, major advancements in the life sciences sector have been made. Scientists and other professionals will need to bridge analytics, design, engineering and data science to effectively present data findings or reports to their team.

Communication

Refined interpersonal and communication skills carry essential returns as they help establish trust and mutual understanding, facilitating any form of information sharing and learning exchanges, within and between institutions. Clear descriptions in written reports and effective verbal presentation of key findings would streamline expectations and optimize performance.

Adaptability

Life sciences is an ever-evolving sector with an increasingly complex regulatory landscape, with digital innovation paving the way for significant change in the industry. Therefore, working professionals need to be agile, have the ability to adapt to new technology and devise different ways to solve problems. They have to be prepared for dynamic change, be willing to learn new skills, and keep pace with the changes.

Getting Ready for a Career in Life Sciences

Getting ready for a career in life sciences can be exciting. There are diverse sub-disciplines such as biotechnology, biomedical, pharmaceuticals, R&D and more. Here are a few tips to kickstart a career in the Life Sciences industry.

Pick your interest

An ideal starting point is to research and discern the differences between Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology, Medical Devices, Clinical Research Organisation (CRO) and Contract Developing Manufacturing Organisation (CDMO). Detailed understanding of the market will make for an easier and quicker search. Once the desired space has been chosen, it is time to look into your dream job.

Network with relevant industry

Networking is more than having thousands of initiated connections which you do not interact or keep up with. Engage with professionals from various industries, and you can get a better apprehension on the such as alternative food proteins, which will place Singapore as a global hub for the agri-food sector, boosting the food and beverage industry.

Experience, knowledge and expertise

Gain some especially during your internship. Maintain a cordial relationship with your employer, earn a strong testimonial and the chance to work in the same firm upon graduation. Some MNCs offer study-work bonds; you may also consider this option to advance your career in the life sciences industry.

The skills required to succeed within Life Sciences differ depending on the field you wish to join, but some qualifications can be transferable. Scientific Degrees such as Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Pharmaceuticals and even Engineering are a plus for most companies and can open a door or two.  Choose the path that best suits your interests.

Plan Your Next Chapter with 51����

In collaboration with Northumbria University and Teesside University in the UK, 51���� School of Life Sciences (SLS) in Singapore offers the latest programmes that give graduates the knowledge and abilities they need to keep up with real-time development in Life Sciences.

SLS offers modern lab facilities that are essential for the carving of practical skills through business research projects and research development. Visit the 51���� website to learn more about our life science programmes.

For enquiries related to life sciences academic programmes and admissions in Singapore, please contact us for relevant information and guidance.

What is Biotechnology?��

Biotechnology refers to all practices, processes, or technology that harness or modify living organisms or systems for human use. When we break down the term, it will show ‘bio’ which is life and technology referring to the application of science for a certain purpose. Generally, biotechnology uses living cells to manipulate or create products for specific use. A good example is genetically modified plants.  

As a field, it is linked to genetic engineering and – animal, plant, industrial, environmental, and human. It helps us make production safer, cleaner, and more efficient, fight disease and hunger, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and save energy. 

History of Biotechnology 

In its basic form, biotechnology has been around for thousands of years, dating back to when human beings began using fermentation to produce wine, beer, and bread. Previously, biotechnology principles were restricted to agriculture like breeding livestock and using the best seeds to improve yields and harvest quality. This changes over the centuries. 

The biotechnology field developed rapidly and steadily following the discovery of microorganisms in the 19th century. Gregor Mendel is credited with this growth thanks to his ground-breaking study of genetics, microbial processes, and fermentation. In the 20th century, notable names in the field like Alexander Fleming furthered biotechnology by discovering penicillin. 

The was a huge step for biotechnology but the field really blossomed in the 1950s. This was thanks to the improved understanding of molecular biology and cell function. Since then, every decade has marked a major breakthrough in biotechnology, including: 

• 1950s: Discovery of DNA’s 3D structure 
• 1960s: Synthesis of insulin and development of vaccines for rubella, mumps, and measles. 
• 1980s: Development of the first biotech-derived vaccines and drugs for cancer and hepatitis. 

Biotechnology at Present 

Biotechnology has been crucial to the enhancement of traditional practices like fermentation and food processing. It is responsible for the development of innovative technology for the industrial production of antibiotics, hormones, energy sources, and food products. In recent years, it has also set off the launch of giant biotechnology companies like Celgene, Biogen Idec, Amgen, and Gilead Sciences. 

Many biotech firms – big and small – are making leaps and bounds in medical industry areas like proteomics, genomics, and drug development. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these companies led the charge in researching, developing, producing, and administering effective vaccines. 

Type of Biotechnology Courses

Universities that offer biotechnology courses focus on the mechanics of the field in a bid to provide specialised study. The different types of courses available to students include: 

Undergraduate Degree Programmes 

Undergraduate degree programmes in the biotech field typically last between 3 to 5 years and are designed to introduce learners to biotechnology basics, applications, and components. Topics covered at this level generally include bioethics, pharmaceutical development, molecular genetics, organic chemistry, animal physiology, health product regulation, and microbiology. To qualify, learners must have a high school qualification in a combination of mathematics, biology, chemistry, and physics. 

Postgraduate Degree Programmes 

Postgraduate degree programmes in this field, like MA in Biotechnology and MSc Biotechnology usually last between 1 to 3 years. They delve into more advanced topics and are supposed to equip learners with skills such as research, data analysis and interpretation, and critical analysis. For this, you need an undergraduate degree in a biology-related course to qualify. 

Doctoral Degree Programmes 

The length of a biotechnology PhD will generally depend on the programmes. These courses are research-orientated and very advanced, often involving the use of statistical software, survey methods, and research tools. You will need an MA or MSc to apply. 

 Career Opportunities for Biotechnology Graduates 

Typically, biotech professionals research and study advanced therapies like biopharmaceuticals, gene therapy, and stem cells. The top career opportunities you explore with biotech training include: 

1. Animal Technician 

An animal technician oversees the welfare of lab animals used for scientific research, such as guinea pigs, rats, mice, dogs, rabbits, farm animals, and monkeys. As an animal technician, you are responsible for working one on one with these animals and supporting medical, agricultural, pharmaceutical, and veterinary scientists in their research. 

2. Biotech Consultant 

Biotech consultants advise biotech company managers on how to develop new services and products or improve production efficiency. They should be highly knowledgeable in emerging products, equipment, and therapies in the industry. Overall, their job involves inspecting company equipment, reviewing financial data, and observing production cycles to identify areas that need improvement. 

3. Clinical Research Associate and Technician 

A clinical research associate supports the work of biotech scientists. For instance, they may record and monitor the vital signs of a patient under an experimental procedure or analyse tissue samples and bodily fluids. Research technicians, on the other hand, provide technical and administrative assistance in lab settings. They order, set up, organise instruments, and record research data. 

4. Chemical Operator 

A chemical operator is responsible for maintaining and controlling heavy machinery at chemical plants. They also go through project reports to identify the necessary machinery, technology, and chemical materials required to complete a project. Additionally, they weigh, sort, and mix chemical materials to produce chemical reactions in a controlled and safe environment. 

5. Biomedical Engineer 

A biomedical engineer combines biological and engineering expertise to design solutions to medical and biological problems. They design biomedical devices and equipment to enhance the effectiveness and quality of patient healthcare. Also, they are responsible for designing medical software like diagnostic machines, prostheses, and artificial organs. 

6. Biochemist 

A biochemist studies the chemical properties of biological processes like disease, heredity, cell growth, and cell development and living things. They perform complex research projects with molecules like DNA, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. They also study the effects of nutrients, hormones, and drugs on biological processes and tissues to develop products and processes that improve human health. 

7. Medical Scientist 

A medical scientist performs clinical research to investigate diseases and prevention methods in a bid to improve patient health. They also test and develop medical devices. Elsewhere, medical scientists frequently analyse medical samples to study the treatments and causes of chronic diseases, pathogens, and toxicity. They are also crucial to standardizing drug methods, doses, and potency for mass distribution and manufacturing of medicine. 

8. Clinical Technician 

Clinical technicians are also referred to as biological technicians or medical laboratory scientists. They perform tests, collect samples, and analyse results for bacteria cultures, tissue, and body fluids. Also, they use automated equipment, specialized computer software, advanced robotics, and lab instruments to model, analyse, and collect experimental data. 

9. Microbiologist 

A microbiologist studies the immune system, bacteria, and viruses to develop industrial and biomedical products. They perform complex lab experiments and research projects to help in the treatment and diagnosis of infectious illnesses. 

10. Process Development Scientist 

A process development scientist supervises the manufacturing process in a firm’s lab, finding ways to improve efficiency and quality. When a new product is developed and approved for manufacturing, they come up with ways to scale production in line with standardized protocols. 

11. Biomanufacturing Specialist 

A biomanufacturing specialist uses methods and tools to ensure biotech products meet the set requirements for quality, potency, safety, and purity during manufacturing. They often take part in the large-scale production of proteins used to treat illnesses. Consequently, they will need to understand the various industry, state, and federal regulatory standards. 

12. Business Development Manager 

A business development manager provides competitive information and detailed marketing analysis to a biotech company so that it can develop and execute investment and growth strategies. They take part in the assessment and execution of collaborative research, acquisition, expansion, and partnering opportunities with other biotech companies. 

13. Product Strategist 

Product strategists identify and guide biotech companies on where their products go i.e. what their market is. They investigate competitive intelligence and compare their company’s strategies with those of rivals to improve product performance. 

14. Biopharma Sales Representative 

A biopharma sales representative serves biotech clients by anticipating and meeting their needs using pharmaceutical products. Their work involves frequent travel within an assigned territory where they visit doctor’s offices and hospitals to educate health officials about their firm’s pharmaceuticals. 

15. Medical Scientist 

A medical scientist performs research in a bid to improve human wellness and health. They design medical devices, study disorders and diseases, and oversee clinical trials in fields like cardiology or neurology. Most medial scientists have a PhD. 

16. Pharmaceutical Manufacturer 

A pharmaceutical manufacturer produces pharmaceutical products like chemical compounds and medications. They identify the required supplies and equipment for manufacturing these materials to meet consumer needs and demands. 

17. Biotechnological Technician 

A biotechnological technician offers technical assistance during the manipulation of organisms or biological system components. They study and explore the industrial applications of tissues and cells and their chemical, genetic, and physical properties. 

18. Epidemiologist 

Epidemiologists study the effects, causes, and history of epidemics and infectious organisms. They research and discover how factors like living conditions, food, habits, environment, and genes affect people’s vulnerability to certain diseases. 

19. Microbiologist 

A microbiologist studies cells, viruses, and bacteria to determine the conditions they need to thrive. They then develop and conduct studies and experiments to produce medical products like vaccines and treatments for diseases.  

20. Medical and Clinical Lab Technologist 

A medical and clinical lab technologist is a professional that provides technical assistance during laboratory tests. They analyse body fluid samples, tissue, and blood, looking for microorganisms like bacteria and parasites. They also determine chemical content, cell count, drug levels, and blood type. 

21. Biomanufacturing Specialist 

A biomanufacturing specialist is involved in the early phases of pre-clinical and clinical stage development of cell therapy products. Their roles include process development, quality control testing, and performing manufacturing operations. 

22. Bioproduction Specialist 

A bioproduction specialist oversees all production activities involving cell culture. They also review, edit, complete, and revise completed SOPs, logbooks, and batch records in line with cGMP standards. 

23. R&D Scientist 

Research and development scientists are responsible for the planning and implementation of scientific projects. They collect data, conduct experiments, and produce reports to study the environment, explore scientific principles, discover new scientific advancements, test new drugs, and more. 

Top Reasons to Study Biotechnology in 51���� 

At 51���� School of Life Sciences, we take a professional, business-focused, and research-intensive approach to biotechnology as a field. Our biotechnology UK honours degree is awarded through Northumbria University – an institution that is synonymous with academic excellence. We are dedicated to providing you will all the tools you need to be a biotech leader in the future. Our programme will:

• Give you an appreciation of the role of scientific research in biotechnology advancement and an understanding of the political, ethical, and economic impacts of the field on society. 
• Provide you with an understanding and knowledge of the basic scientific underpinnings of biotechnology, including bioinformatics and molecular biology. 
• Nurture your practical and information technology skills and allow you to pursue a career in the global biotech industry. 
• Advance your understanding of the science that is spearheading developments in biotech. 
• Prepare you for employment by equipping you with transferable skills like data analysis, numeracy, IT, communication, independence, self-management and reflective practice. 

Our collaboration with the esteemed Northumbria University is designed to give learners an exciting and extensive portfolio of programmes that grows you into a highly competent professional with global potential. Studying with us is the best way to build your future in biotechnology. 

Conclusion 

Biotechnology is not a new field but it grows significantly every year, producing more and more real-life applications. From food production and waste management to pharmaceutical development, the impacts of this discipline are global and life changing. If you are interested in pursuing a biotechnology course, look no further than 51����. We have partnered with respected and renowned universities to give you holistic training that readies you for the world of biotech. 

Fig 1. Diagram of actinomycetes morphology showing the filamentous nature of the bacteria.��Adapted from��(Li, Chen, Jiang and Jiang, 2016).��

Although some species of this bacteria can be harmful, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, they have proven to be serve more as an ally. From medicine to fungicides, actinomycetes have found their way into many industries, thanks to their ability to produce a massive range of chemical substances⁴. Actinomycetes are categorized in a phylum belonging to the order Actinobacteria. Among these include the genus of Micromonospora and Streptomyces.  

Fig 2.��Scanning electron micrograph of��Micromonospora��echinospora.��Adapted from��(Li, Chen, Jiang and Jiang, 2016).��

Streptomyces are��key��players��in medicine production, making up to 55% of antibiotics and 51% of non-antibiotics.��Streptomyces credit their role in medicine to the production of��primary and��secondary metabolites that act as an antimicrobial substance that have different modes of action towards different targets².��

Fig 3. Amount of actinomycetes screened from different habitats.��Adapted from��(Hamedi,��Poorinmohammad��and Wink, 2017).��

In��the��metabolites of��Streptomyces��lunalinharesii��(S.��lunalinharesii), it has��chitinase��properties that make them effective as a fungicide against phytopathogenic fungi⁸.��Furthermore, they have low toxicity and are environmentally friendly¹. In��peptidic��antibiotics, its mechanism was observed to alter the cell membranes of��pathogens, resulting in the loss of the peptidoglycan cell walls⁹.��Streptomyces are so effective against bacteria that they are even used in the oil industry.��Sulfate-reducing bacteria are a major problem in the petroleum industry as they form biofilms and cause corrosion in pipes and containment units.��S.��lunalinharesii��metabolites are��optimal for the job��as they can resist both the high temperature and the harsh chemicals present in oil storage⁷.����

Another Streptomyces-based product is rapamycin, derived from Streptomyces rapamycinicus. It is an immunosuppressant that works by blocking cytokine-induced signalling pathways. This results in the inactivation of a p34cde2 kinase, which in turn prevents the activation of T-cells. Rapamycin, with the help of corticosteroids, can therefor suppress the rejection of organs from transplantations⁴.   

Other than working well against bacteria and fungi, the use of actinomycetes even extents into chemotherapeutics. Calicheamicin is an anti-cancer agent that comes from echinospora ssp. calichensisa. The compound is obtained through the fermentation broth of the bacterium. Calicheamicin controls cancer cells through controlled apoptosis by DNA damage. It causes double strand cleavage by removing hydrogen atoms from the DNA. Calicheamicin is conjugated to antibodies for the administration to the tumour cells⁵.  

Actinomycetes have a part to play in many more sectors of biotechnology, and many more species are discovered even today. Unique habitats such as marine environments are being searched for different Actinomycetes species to be screened for metabolites beneficial to the advancement of biotechnology.  

References 

1. Flores-Gallegos, A. and Nava-Reyna, E., 2019. Plant Growth-Promoting Microbial Enzymes. Enzymes in Food Biotechnology, pp.521-534. 

2. Augustine S. K., Kapadnis B.P. A non-polyene antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces albidoflavus PU 23. J Biosci. 2005 Mar; 30(2):201-11. doi: 10.1007/BF02703700. PMID: 15886456. 

3. Hamedi, J., Poorinmohammad, N. and Wink, J., 2017. The Role of Actinobacteria in Biotechnology. Biology and Biotechnology of Actinobacteria, pp.269-328. 

4. Huryn, D. and Wipf, P., 2008. Natural product chemistry and anticancer drug discovery. Cancer Drug Design and Discovery, pp.107-130. 

5. Kämpfer, P., Glaeser, S., Parkes, L., van Keulen, G. and Dyson, P., 2014. The Family Streptomycetaceae. The Prokaryotes, pp.889-1010. 

6. Li, Q., Chen, X., Jiang, Y. and Jiang, C., 2016. Morphological Identification of Actinobacteria. Actinobacteria – Basics and Biotechnological Applications. 

7. Nawani, N., Aigle, B., Mandal, A., Bodas, M., Ghorbel, S. and Prakash, D., 2013. Actinomycetes: Role in Biotechnology and Medicine. BioMed Research International, 2013, pp.1-1. 

8. Ortenberg, E. and Telsch, B., 2003. Taste and odour problems in potable water. Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology, pp.777-793. 

9. Pacheco da Rosa, J., Korenblum, E., Franco-Cirigliano, M., Abreu, F., Lins, U., Soares, R., Macrae, A., Seldin, L. and Coelho, R., 2013. Streptomyces lunalinharesiiStrain 235 Shows the Potential to Inhibit Bacteria Involved in Biocorrosion Processes. BioMed Research International, 2013, pp.1-10. 

Pre-antibiotic age

During the pre-antibiotic era there was always an urgent and vital need for the development of new therapeutic agents. Experimental antimicrobial therapy was practiced for many centuries ¹. There has been use of molds, fermenting bread and several forms of yeasts for treating various abdominal and gynecological ailments. Mouldy bread was used to treat open wounds, as it was considered as a remedy due to the growth of antibiotic producing microbes on them ². Phenolic substances and mercury salts were also used for therapy inspite of their toxicity ³. In 1867, Joseph Lister, a surgeon, had proposed disinfecting both, the area around the wounds and surgical instruments, by using five percent solution of carbolic acid ⁴. Paul Ehrlich’s team discovered Salvarsan, in 1909, which was active against syphilis. Ehrlich had the idea of developing compounds which could specifically target the pathogenic microorganisms, and not the host cells. He used the term “Magic Bullets” for such compounds ⁵.  This no doubt gave the scientists the concept of targeted therapies. The principle of specific development of drugs and universal standardization of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are based on the pioneering research of Paul Ehrlich and his colleagues ⁶.

Discovery of antibiotics

New era of antibiotic began with Sir Alexander Fleming’s observation in 1928 concerning the lysis of bacteriaon a Penicillium contaminated culture plate left on his workbench. Scientists Ernst Chain and Howard Florey, in 1940, were able to isolate Penicillin. This gave a boost for future research on drug discovery among researchers. And in 1945, Fleming, Florey and Chain shared the Nobel Prize for their important roles in the discovery, research and development of Penicillin.

Selman Waksman, beginning in 1940s, was one of the principal investigators who started classical screening programmes for detection of new antibiotics, leading to the discovery of streptomycin, which could be used for the treatment of tuberculosis. His research led to the Golden Age of Antibiotic discoveries. By the mid-1950s representatives of most families of antibiotics had been discovered, including aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, macrolides, rifamycins and fusidic acid. Chemists and microbiologists have come up with a variety of synthetic antimicrobial drugs, including nitroimidazol, quinolones and most antituberculous drugs ³.

Current status

We should realize that antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections, and not against viral illness eg: common cold, flu virus etc. Antibiotic discovery was indeed one of the greatest and most successful achievements in medical history, but there are certain limitations like toxicity and drug resistance. Current antimicrobial agents are not effective against total range of pathogens because they may cause serious side effects and are becoming less useful because of increased resistance to them by the microorganisms. The growing incidence of drug resistant infectious diseases suggests that a major investment is needed for development of new active molecules. Development of new drug molecules with better therapeutic efficiency is essential in the treatment of diverse diseases and disorders. Continuing advancements in science, and a better understanding of human diseases will enable the researchers to develop novel antimicrobial drugs with desired activities, thereby encouraging a second “Golden Age of Antibiotics” in the near future ⁷.

The Figure 1 shows the timeline of the antibiotics reaching clinics/hospitals ², and Figure 2 displays the timeline showing antibiotic resistance ⁸.

(The article is contributed by Dr. Sunesh K. Augustine, Senior Lecturer, 51���� School of Life Sciences)

References

1. John M.B., Payne E. and Berne V. Antimicrobial agents. In: The surgeons guide to antimicrobial chemotherapy. Academic Press, London, 2000, 25-66.
2. Hutchings M.I., Truman A.W. and Wilkinson B. Antibiotics: Past, present and future. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2019, 51, 72–80
3. ., ., ., ., . and . Polyene antibiotics from Streptomyces mediocidicus. J Nat Prod., 2007, 70, 215-219
4. Pelczar, M. J., Chan, E. C. S., & Krieg, N. R. (1993). Microbiology : Concepts and applications. New York : McGraw-Hill.
5. Aminov R. I. A brief history of the antibiotic era : lessons learned and challenges for the future. Front Microbiol. 2010 ;1 :134

In addition to the vibrant pool of talents, the government is also looking to boost the sustainability of the industry as part of its smart nation drive by creating and enhancing Biomedical Science jobs, upskilling the talent pool and raising productivity.

If you are now considering a future career in the booming biomedical sciences industry, read on to find out what are the top 10 jobs you can pursue as a biomedical science degree graduate in Singapore.

What is Biomedical Science?

It’s a branch of Science that is concerned with theoretical and practical human diseases and health. The areas of study in this field equip undergraduates with a good foundation in science with an exposure to healthcare issues.

What is a Biological Science Degree?

A Biomedical Science Degree qualifies students for employment by providing them with the knowledge and skills needed in the Life Science sector.

Why study Biomedical Science Degree?

-To be well-versed in the fundamental topics that support the Biomedical Science discipline – human anatomy and physiology, cell biology, immunology, molecular genetics, microbiology, biochemistry and disease biology.

-To acquire practical laboratory skills for the job

Why Pursue Biomedical Science in Singapore

The following are reasons why you should earn a biomedical science degree in Singapore:

-A Stable Singapore government.

-Excellent infrastructure and conducive environment for learning

-Singapore as a leading location for world-class manufacturing pharmaceutical companies such as Pfizer, Novartis, Sanofi, AbbVie, and Amgen, among others.

-Qualified Life Sciences Academia.

Top Jobs for Biomedical Science Degree Graduates

Medical Laboratory Technologists and Scientists

With pandemics like Covid-19, there is a high demand for professionals to conduct diagnostic tests and process patient samples.

Medical Research Scientists

With the rise of chronic & lifestyle diseases, cancer and induced diseases, there is a deficit in personnel to support the study and research of various diseases.

Bioinformatics Career

In this era of post-genomic and with the emergence of computing technology, bioinformatics is essential. Bioinformatics professionals are needed to manage and analyse biological data, which is critical in biomedical discoveries.

Genetic Counselling

Graduates in the biomedical science discipline can also look forward to a career as a genetic counselor. They will be involved in assessing individuals/families for a variety of inherited conditions and will support other healthcare providers, or individuals/families concerned.

Epidemiologist

Biomedical graduates in the epidemiology niche are crucial as they offer professional health investigations on patterns and causes of diseases that affect people. Besides, they seek to minimize risk and adverse health occurrences through community education, research, and health policy.

Bio-medical Engineers

Biomedical engineers combine medical knowledge with engineering principles to create and design equipment, software, computer systems, devices and devices to enhance healthcare service. These skills are highly demanded, especially in Singapore, where we have an ageing population.

Healthy Services Managers

The health sector needs managers to monitor activities and awareness programmes. For instance, lifestyle diseases require personnel to monitor, to supervise and implement programmes deemed to manage them and their effects.

Microbiologists

Microbiologists are on demand. Their profession entails researching and identifying viruses, fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms that can cause disease. Besides, they also study how these microorganisms are utilized in the food manufacturing plant or fermentation technologies applied in beer and wine production.

Jobs in Bio-Manufacturing

Biomedical graduates in Singapore will be equipped with the knowledge and skills to work in biotech companies. They take part in vaccines and medicines discovery and manufacturing. For example, Pfizer, a biotechnology firm from the US, has established a satellite branch in Singapore that recruits biotechnologists.

Teaching and Academia

Academic professionals from the biomedical discipline in tertiary colleges and universities are in high demand. They train the talent pool with knowledge and fundamental skills to perform well in the industry.

Admission Requirements for a Biomedical Science Degree

Basically, you are required to have a GCE “O” or “A” qualification in Biology and Chemistry to enroll in this UK Biomedical Science Honours degree. However, the 51���� International Foundation Diploma in Biomedical Sciences also facilitates students who lack relevant qualification to pursue a biomedical science degree.

United Kingdom Biomedical Science Degree at 51����

It will take 3 years to complete the honours degree and will acquire comprehensive, specific medically-related modules. The modules include immunology, molecular biology, microbiology, anatomy and physiology and biochemistry genetics.

Human health and diseases are one of the main focus. The students acquire practical skills to help them understand concepts taught in class. The practical sessions will also enhance analytical and critical thinking skills. Students are also required to complete a Final Year Research Project that trains them in scientific research, logical thinking, time management and time management and teamwork. Besides the biomedical science degree, we also offer a UK honours degree biotechnology awarded by Northumbria University.

Summary

A Biomedical Science Degree from the life sciences school provides a ticket to a variety of fascinating jobs in the life sciences industry. The student is trained in the knowledge and fundamental skills to succeed in their future career. Now is an exciting moment to be educated in this field with the ever-changing world of new advancements in illnesses and outbreak control. One can make a real difference with their contribution.

As there is an increase in use of technological resources in our daily lives, it has led to their implementation in our lectures ^[7]. It has been observed that the use of these tools improves the participation and motivation among students, thereby increasing the meaningful learning in students ^[8]. The desire to learn increases due to the use of technologies with which students are familiar with ^[9]. Online platforms like Socrative, Quizlet, Quizziz and Kahoot that apply game based learning have become more popular in the field of education, and these platforms are now widely used to promote student learning ^[10]. Kahoot platform is an excellent ICT (Information and communications technology) which can be used to conduct educational surveys, quizzes and discussions, generating response. ��Research shows that the use of web-based Kahoot tool in the classroom has the benefit of improving the students learning process and their overall participation, along with bringing about a positive relationship among class members and development of social skills ^[11].

The purpose of assessment is to gather and record relevant information regarding the performance or progress of learners, which can be used as a guidance during the learning process ^[12]. We usually have the summative and formative types of assessment. Summative assessments are conducted after the syllabus in a particular term is completed, and it requires grading so that judgements can be made about the learning and understanding that has occurred during that semester. Whereas formative assessments are designed to improve the student’s understanding of the subject matter ^[13]. Thus a formative assessment is a part of learning and is prepared to provide appropriate feedback for improvement in performance, and accelerate learning ^[12]. The type of assessment for which the Kahoot platform can be used is the formative assessment. Kahoot is now a popular real-time platform for game based learning that is widely used in schools and universities, with reports of more than 30 million users worldwide ^[14].

The rationale for using this assessment method is due to the benefits of game based learning ^[15]. Studies have shown that game based learning results in significantly improved student performance and focus compared to traditional methods ^[16]. This includes better learning efficiency ^[17], increase in student motivation and interest ^[18], good engagement ^[19], and providing an effective feedback ^[20].

As most teachers have been conducting quizzes and surveys in classroom using traditional methods, it can be challenging for a few of them to design the technology enabled formative assessments, as most of these ICT tools are recently developed, and they find it laborious to use all these various technology platforms. Even though integrating these tools may be challenging in the beginning, but if used in creative ways it could support curiosity, attention and understanding in learning, among students. Regular use of these tools will benefit both, the teacher and the learner, and in the long run it is very productive, satisfying and rewarding.

This article is contributed by Dr. Sunesh K. Augustine, Senior Lecturer, 51���� School of Life Sciences.

References:

1. Snider, S., Hirschy, S. A self-reflection framework for technology use by classroom teachers of young learners. He Kupu. 2009, 2, 30-44

• Yelland, N. Technology as Play. Early Childhood Education Journal. 1999,26(4), 217-220.

• Lomangino, A. G., Nicholson, J., Sulzby, E. The influence of power relations and social goals on children’s collaborative interactions while composing on computer. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 1999, 14(2), 197-228.

Fast forward to today, Biotechnology has rapidly evolved into a broad discipline that harnesses the functions of microbes to produce useful biomolecules in medicine, as well as utilising molecular biology and genetic engineering to modify plants and animals to improve agricultural productions. Hence, biotechnology is broadly classified into biologics/therapeutics production and agricultural biotechnology, which is also abbreviated as agro-biotechnology.

The major biopharmaceutical companies with manufacturing facilities based in Singapore, such as GSK, Lonza, AMGEN and ABBVIE, all employ biotechnology graduates to staff their factories which function 24/7 in a continuous line production. These factories produce both biologics and chemically synthesised drugs. Biologics refer to large and complex biomolecules that are produced in cell cultures or bacterial systems, and these biomolecules have therapeutic effects against their respective target human diseases (Amgen, 2017; Roger, 2006; Gottlieb, 2008). These therapeutic biomolecules include hormones, monoclonal antibodies and even engineered T-cells, which are far more complex and 200-1000 times larger than the chemical synthesised drugs, which are termed small molecule drugs (Roger, 2006; Gottlieb, 2008).

Other than being involved in the monitoring of the biologics commercial production, the biotechnology staff can also be deployed in the research and development laboratories. In the research and development departments, the staff work on developing new biologics through genetic and molecular manipulation of microorganisms and cells as well as enhancing the medical therapeutic properties of existing therapeutics. Additionally, the quality assurance and quality control departments deploy biotechnology staff to screen batches of biologics produced, to ensure that the biologics conform to reference standards of purity, quality and efficacy.

For individuals who prefer to engage customers rather than doing factory-based work, the biopharmaceutical companies maintain a legion of biotechnology graduates as sales, marketing and liaison staff. These personnel are responsible for communicating product specifications and promoting products to customers, as well as maintaining collaborative links with research institutes and key opinion leaders.

In the field of agro-biotechnology, the focus is on the modification of agricultural produce and organisms to improve on produce quality and quantity. The largest agro-biotechnology firm Monsanto maintains a sales representative office in Singapore, to market their products which include seeds, agricultural biologicals and crop protection products (Monsanto, 2020).  The seeds had been genetically modified or selectively bred to produce crops that are “more tolerant to adverse weather conditions, strengthen plant resistance to insects, and enable more effective weed control and farming practices that are more sustainable and better for the environment” (Monsanto, 2020).

Another example of an agro-biotechnology company is AquaBounty Technologies which is famous for breeding fast-growing salmon through biotechnological means. The growth hormone gene from the Chinook salmon was integrated into the Atlantic salmon, to create a transgenic Atlantic salmon which grows twice as fast and consumes 25% less feed than the wildtype (AquaBounty, 2020). The transgenic Atlantic salmon are bred and farmed on land, in facilities called recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) (AquaBounty, 2020). The RAS was developed to overcome the issues of farming in sea cages: “violent storms, predators, harmful algal blooms, jellyfish attacks, fish escapes, and the transmission of pathogens and parasites from wild fish populations residing near the cages.” (AquaBounty, 2020).

The Marine Aquaculture Centre (MAC) and the Aquaculture Innovation Centre (AIC) are the two Singapore agencies, specialised in the R&D of innovative aquaculture practices and breeding of aquaculture crop species. Located on St. John’s Island, MAC is an institute within the Singapore Food Agency (Marine Aquaculture Centre, 2020), while the AIC is a centre of excellence located at Temasek Polytechnic, formed by a consortium comprising Temasek Polytechnic, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), James Cook University, Nanyang Polytechnic, Nanyang Technological University, National University of Singapore, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Republic Polytechnic and the Singapore Food Agency (SFA) (Aquaculture Innovation Centre, 2020).

In Singapore, the major agro-biotechnology firms are farms which employ variations of hydroponics and RAS aquaculture to intensively cultivate vegetables and fish respectively, on limited land parcels which span one to two acres or less. Examples of such firms are Oh Farms (Oh Farms, 2020), Kok Fah (Kok Fah Farms, 2020) and Fin by BOAT (Fin by BOAT, 2020).

Currently, local farms can only supply 10% of Singapore’s local demand, and with Singapore Food Agency’s objective to achieve 30% self-sufficiency in meeting local agricultural produce by 2030 (Singapore Food Agency, 2020), the agro-biotechnology industry is primed to require more biotechnology graduates to drive high-tech farm productions.

Hence, in the agro-biotechnology industry, Biotechnology graduates can be deployed in the R&D of transgenic organisms and selective breeding to boost production levels as well as manning high-tech RAS and hydroponic farms to meet demands for local agricultural produce. These two functions are essential for maintaining Singapore’s self-sufficiency in food production and food security.

In summary, Biotechnology graduates are required to drive Singapore’s economy, by running factories producing medicine and biologics to breeding and farming commercial crops to sustain Singapore’s growing demand for food. Hence, a Biotechnology degree is a valuable qualification, as it equips the graduate with the requisite skills for the biopharmaceutical and agro-biotechnology industries.

Bacterial cells are difficult to be viewed under the microscope unless they are stained. This is due to their lack of colour and contrast. Scientists have been using several types of stains to make these cells visible. The staining procedure will help researchers to identify the bacteria, as well as help healthcare providers to diagnose infections caused by bacteria. 

One basic type of staining procedure that can be used is the Simple Stain, where we use just one type of stain, and the bacteria takes up the colour of the stain, when observed under the microscope. We get to study the morphology, dimensions, cell size and arrangement in this type of staining.

Negative staining method can also be used in which the background of the bacteria takes up the stain, and the specimen is untouched, thereby creating a contrast and making the bacterial cell visible. This method is very convenient and is useful to view the overall morphology of the bacterial cell. This method is based on the principle of the repulsion between the negatively charged stain used and the negatively charged bacterial cell wall. 

However, to get more information about the bacteria we need to perform a Differential Stain. In this procedure we use more than one stain, and different bacterial cells will take up these stains as per their structural properties. It should be noted that the primary stain and secondary stain will have different colours which will allow the students to distinguish the different types of bacterial cells when they are viewed under the microscope.  Some examples of this Differential staining methods are the Gram Staining, Capsule staining and Endospore staining. The Gram staining is one of the most commonly used type of Differential stain. This method was developed by Dr Hans Christian Gram in 1884. This type of staining helps us differentiate between a Gram Positive and Gram-Negative bacteria, as they both take up different coloured stains, which is due to their cell wall properties.

The Capsule staining also comes under Differential stain. Many bacteria have capsules surrounding their cell, which makes them virulent, as these capsules help the bacteria evade the host immune system by resisting phagocytosis. Since these capsules are non-ionic, it’s very difficult to stain them using acidic or basic stains. Hence to observe them we stain the bacterial cell with a basic stain, and we stain the background and surroundings using an acidic stain. The capsule will not take up any of these stains and will appear as a clear halo surrounding the bacterial cell, whereas the bacterial cell and the background will take up the respective stains.

Another type of Differential stain is the Endospore staining. Endospores are a dormant form of bacteria formed by some species of bacteria during unfavourable conditions. In the case of the Endospore staining, we get to differentiate between the vegetative cells and endospores, as the spores and the vegetative cells take up differed coloured stains. All these staining techniques will help us in bacterial identification and characterisation.

We have to make sure that throughout the experiment the microscope lenses are kept clean. Though the staining procedures are quite simple, it requires a lot of practise by the students so that they are able to master these techniques and to get an optimally stained bacterial slide which will help them in their bacterial identification studies.

References:

Benson, H. J. (2005). Benson’s Microbiological Applications: Laboratory manual in general microbiology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Cappuccino, J. G., & Sherman, N. (2014). Microbiology: a laboratory manual. Boston: Pearson Education.

Goldman, E., & Green, L. H. (2009). Practical Handbook of Microbiology. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E are the presently known types. Of these, the Hepatitis caused by the Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) is also known as infectious hepatitis or epidemic jaundice. It is an infectious disease which spreads mainly through the faecal-oral route, therefore, when a healthy individual ingests water or food contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. In rare cases, it is spread through close contact between family members and blood transfusion. High prevalence of HAV can be seen in regions with poor sanitation, household crowding and inadequate supply of clean drinking water.

Globally, almost 1.5 million cases of hepatitis A are reported each year but this number only reveals a part of the picture. Since almost 50% of the affected children below six years of age are asymptomatic and the rest have mild symptoms, which are often not regarded as hepatitis, the actual number of cases could be ten times the numbers reported (Franco et al., 2012). The HAV[SS1]  is a non-enveloped virus which carries its genetic material as single stranded Ribonucleic acid (RNA[SS2] [73] [74] ). In 1991, it was classified as a member of the Hepatovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. Studies on different HAV strains from around the world show that only a single serotype of the virus exists (Cuthbert, 2001). 

Once inside the human body, the HAV enters the liver cells and replicates. The replication leads to a disruption of normal liver functions, an immune response initiation and subsequent inflammation. The incubation period is 2-6 weeks long, during which, the shedding of infectious viral particles in the faeces increases. This shedding reaches its peak at the onset of symptoms and gradually declines then. The initial symptoms seen can include malaise, fatigue, fever, nausea and vomiting, which can later develop into jaundice, dark cola-coloured urine and clay-coloured stools (Lemon, 1997).

The acute liver infection may last from two to six months and rarely develops into chronic infection. The severity of disease and the chances of a fatal outcome increases with age. Increasing levels of ALT, AST [SS5] and bilirubin indicates the presence of hepatic injury and can be used for a preliminary diagnosis. ALT and AST are the enzymes which are released by liver cells in response to cellular damage.

In response to the HAV, virus-specific IgM[SS6]  antibodies are made and the detection of this acute-phase antibody response using ELISA[SS7]  is the central focus of diagnosis. There is no specific treatment available for Hepatitis A and recovery from symptoms is the main aim of therapy.

In cases such as epidemic jaundice, the importance of prevention increases. Since 1992, safe and effective Formalin-killed whole virus vaccines have been developed to help countries control community-wide outbreaks. As of 2019, 34 countries used or are planning to introduce the vaccine against Hepatitis A in their immunisation routine (Hepatitis A, 2020.).

Children in high risk regions and travellers going to such regions should be immunised. Other than immunisation, some simple measures can help to bring the spread of the virus under control. Improvement in living standards, proper disposal of sewage, better access to clean drinking water combined with greater personal hygiene can help immensely. 28 July is celebrated world-wide as the World Hepatitis Day with the aim to increase awareness among people and educate them to better prevent future outbreaks.

References:

Franco, E., Meleleo, C., Serino, L., Sorbara, D., & Zaratti, L. (2012). Hepatitis A: Epidemiology and prevention in developing countries. World Journal of Hepatology, 4(3), 68–73.

Lemon, S. M. (1997). Type A viral hepatitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention. Clinical Chemistry, 43(8), 1494–1499.

Hepatitis A. (2020). Retrieved August 19, 2020, from

Cuthbert, J. A. (2001). Hepatitis A: Old and New. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 14(1), 38–58.

Pictures:

Hepatitis A distribution: Lemon, S. M., Ott, J. J., Damme, P. V., & Shouval, D. (2018). Type A viral hepatitis: A summary and update on the molecular virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention. Journal of Hepatology, 68(1), 167–184.

This article is contributed by Nazuk Gupta from the School of Life Sciences pursuing a bachelors of Science in Biotechnology with honours awarded by Northumbria University.